Global Gravy Boat Supply, Demand and Key Producers, 2023-2029

Description

The global Gravy Boat market size is expected to reach $ million by 2029, rising at a market growth of % CAGR during the forecast period (2023-2029).

Gravy boat or sauce boat is a container for sauce, which is used in western food. It looks like a sailboat without sails, with a handle at the rear. The material can be stainless steel or porcelain.

This report studies the global Gravy Boat production, demand, key manufacturers, and key regions.

This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for Gravy Boat, and provides market size (US$ million) and Year-over-Year (YoY) Growth, considering 2022 as the base year. This report explores demand trends and competition, as well as details the characteristics of Gravy Boat that contribute to its increasing demand across many markets.

Highlights and key features of the study
Global Gravy Boat total production and demand, 2018-2029, (K Units)
Global Gravy Boat total production value, 2018-2029, (USD Million)
Global Gravy Boat production by region & country, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global Gravy Boat consumption by region & country, CAGR, 2018-2029 & (K Units)
U.S. VS China: Gravy Boat domestic production, consumption, key domestic manufacturers and share
Global Gravy Boat production by manufacturer, production, price, value and market share 2018-2023, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global Gravy Boat production by Type, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global Gravy Boat production by Application production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
This reports profiles key players in the global Gravy Boat market based on the following parameters – company overview, production, value, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Le Creuset, Harold Import Company, Upper Midland, YOUNG and DANGEROUS, Rorence and Mason Stoneware, etc.

This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence.

Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the World Gravy Boat market
Detailed Segmentation:
Each section contains quantitative market data including market by value (US$ Millions), volume (production, consumption) & (K Units) and average price (US$/Unit) by manufacturer, by Type, and by Application. Data is given for the years 2018-2029 by year with 2022 as the base year, 2023 as the estimate year, and 2024-2029 as the forecast year.

Global Gravy Boat Market, By Region:
    United States
    China
    Europe
    Japan
    South Korea
    ASEAN
    India
    Rest of World

Global Gravy Boat Market, Segmentation by Type
    Ceramics
    Glass
    Stainless Steel

Global Gravy Boat Market, Segmentation by Application
    Online
    Offline

Companies Profiled:
    Le Creuset
    Harold Import Company
    Upper Midland
    YOUNG and DANGEROUS
    Rorence
    Mason Stoneware

Key Questions Answered
1. How big is the global Gravy Boat market?
2. What is the demand of the global Gravy Boat market?
3. What is the year over year growth of the global Gravy Boat market?
4. What is the production and production value of the global Gravy Boat market?
5. Who are the key producers in the global Gravy Boat market?
6. What are the growth factors driving the market demand?

Table of Contents

1 Supply Summary
    1.1 Gravy Boat Introduction
    1.2 World Gravy Boat Supply & Forecast
        1.2.1 World Gravy Boat Production Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        1.2.2 World Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029)
        1.2.3 World Gravy Boat Pricing Trends (2018-2029)
    1.3 World Gravy Boat Production by Region (Based on Production Site)
        1.3.1 World Gravy Boat Production Value by Region (2018-2029)
        1.3.2 World Gravy Boat Production by Region (2018-2029)
        1.3.3 World Gravy Boat Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
        1.3.4 North America Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029)
        1.3.5 Europe Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029)
        1.3.6 China Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029)
        1.3.7 Japan Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029)
    1.4 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
        1.4.1 Gravy Boat Market Drivers
        1.4.2 Factors Affecting Demand
        1.4.3 Gravy Boat Major Market Trends
    1.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
        1.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
        1.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War

2 Demand Summary
    2.1 World Gravy Boat Demand (2018-2029)
    2.2 World Gravy Boat Consumption by Region
        2.2.1 World Gravy Boat Consumption by Region (2018-2023)
        2.2.2 World Gravy Boat Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
    2.3 United States Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.4 China Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.5 Europe Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.6 Japan Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.7 South Korea Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.8 ASEAN Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.9 India Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029)

3 World Gravy Boat Manufacturers Competitive Analysis
    3.1 World Gravy Boat Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
    3.2 World Gravy Boat Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
    3.3 World Gravy Boat Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
    3.4 Gravy Boat Company Evaluation Quadrant
    3.5 Industry Rank and Concentration Rate (CR)
        3.5.1 Global Gravy Boat Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers
        3.5.2 Global Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Gravy Boat in 2022
        3.5.3 Global Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Gravy Boat in 2022
    3.6 Gravy Boat Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
        3.6.1 Gravy Boat Market: Region Footprint
        3.6.2 Gravy Boat Market: Company Product Type Footprint
        3.6.3 Gravy Boat Market: Company Product Application Footprint
    3.7 Competitive Environment
        3.7.1 Historical Structure of the Industry
        3.7.2 Barriers of Market Entry
        3.7.3 Factors of Competition
    3.8 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
    3.9 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations

4 United States VS China VS Rest of the World
    4.1 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Value Comparison
        4.1.1 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Value Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        4.1.2 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    4.2 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Comparison
        4.2.1 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        4.2.2 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    4.3 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Consumption Comparison
        4.3.1 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Consumption Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        4.3.2 United States VS China: Gravy Boat Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    4.4 United States Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
        4.4.1 United States Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
        4.4.2 United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value (2018-2023)
        4.4.3 United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production (2018-2023)
    4.5 China Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers and Market Share
        4.5.1 China Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
        4.5.2 China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value (2018-2023)
        4.5.3 China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production (2018-2023)
    4.6 Rest of World Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
        4.6.1 Rest of World Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (State, Country)
        4.6.2 Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value (2018-2023)
        4.6.3 Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production (2018-2023)

5 Market Analysis by Type
    5.1 World Gravy Boat Market Size Overview by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
    5.2 Segment Introduction by Type
        5.2.1 Ceramics
        5.2.2 Glass
        5.2.3 Stainless Steel
    5.3 Market Segment by Type
        5.3.1 World Gravy Boat Production by Type (2018-2029)
        5.3.2 World Gravy Boat Production Value by Type (2018-2029)
        5.3.3 World Gravy Boat Average Price by Type (2018-2029)

6 Market Analysis by Application
    6.1 World Gravy Boat Market Size Overview by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
    6.2 Segment Introduction by Application
        6.2.1 Online
        6.2.2 Offline
    6.3 Market Segment by Application
        6.3.1 World Gravy Boat Production by Application (2018-2029)
        6.3.2 World Gravy Boat Production Value by Application (2018-2029)
        6.3.3 World Gravy Boat Average Price by Application (2018-2029)

7 Company Profiles
    7.1 Le Creuset
        7.1.1 Le Creuset Details
        7.1.2 Le Creuset Major Business
        7.1.3 Le Creuset Gravy Boat Product and Services
        7.1.4 Le Creuset Gravy Boat Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.1.5 Le Creuset Recent Developments/Updates
        7.1.6 Le Creuset Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.2 Harold Import Company
        7.2.1 Harold Import Company Details
        7.2.2 Harold Import Company Major Business
        7.2.3 Harold Import Company Gravy Boat Product and Services
        7.2.4 Harold Import Company Gravy Boat Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.2.5 Harold Import Company Recent Developments/Updates
        7.2.6 Harold Import Company Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.3 Upper Midland
        7.3.1 Upper Midland Details
        7.3.2 Upper Midland Major Business
        7.3.3 Upper Midland Gravy Boat Product and Services
        7.3.4 Upper Midland Gravy Boat Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.3.5 Upper Midland Recent Developments/Updates
        7.3.6 Upper Midland Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.4 YOUNG and DANGEROUS
        7.4.1 YOUNG and DANGEROUS Details
        7.4.2 YOUNG and DANGEROUS Major Business
        7.4.3 YOUNG and DANGEROUS Gravy Boat Product and Services
        7.4.4 YOUNG and DANGEROUS Gravy Boat Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.4.5 YOUNG and DANGEROUS Recent Developments/Updates
        7.4.6 YOUNG and DANGEROUS Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.5 Rorence
        7.5.1 Rorence Details
        7.5.2 Rorence Major Business
        7.5.3 Rorence Gravy Boat Product and Services
        7.5.4 Rorence Gravy Boat Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.5.5 Rorence Recent Developments/Updates
        7.5.6 Rorence Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.6 Mason Stoneware
        7.6.1 Mason Stoneware Details
        7.6.2 Mason Stoneware Major Business
        7.6.3 Mason Stoneware Gravy Boat Product and Services
        7.6.4 Mason Stoneware Gravy Boat Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.6.5 Mason Stoneware Recent Developments/Updates
        7.6.6 Mason Stoneware Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses

8 Industry Chain Analysis
    8.1 Gravy Boat Industry Chain
    8.2 Gravy Boat Upstream Analysis
        8.2.1 Gravy Boat Core Raw Materials
        8.2.2 Main Manufacturers of Gravy Boat Core Raw Materials
    8.3 Midstream Analysis
    8.4 Downstream Analysis
    8.5 Gravy Boat Production Mode
    8.6 Gravy Boat Procurement Model
    8.7 Gravy Boat Industry Sales Model and Sales Channels
        8.7.1 Gravy Boat Sales Model
        8.7.2 Gravy Boat Typical Customers

9 Research Findings and Conclusion

10 Appendix
    10.1 Methodology
    10.2 Research Process and Data Source
    10.3 Disclaimer

Table of Figures

List of Tables
    Table 1. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Region (2018, 2022 and 2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 2. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Region (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 3. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Region (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 4. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
    Table 5. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
    Table 6. World Gravy Boat Production by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 7. World Gravy Boat Production by Region (2024-2029) & (K Units)
    Table 8. World Gravy Boat Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
    Table 9. World Gravy Boat Production Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
    Table 10. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Region (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 11. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Region (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 12. Gravy Boat Major Market Trends
    Table 13. World Gravy Boat Consumption Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
    Table 14. World Gravy Boat Consumption by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 15. World Gravy Boat Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029) & (K Units)
    Table 16. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 17. Production Value Market Share of Key Gravy Boat Producers in 2022
    Table 18. World Gravy Boat Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 19. Production Market Share of Key Gravy Boat Producers in 2022
    Table 20. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 21. Global Gravy Boat Company Evaluation Quadrant
    Table 22. World Gravy Boat Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers, Based on Production Value in 2022
    Table 23. Head Office and Gravy Boat Production Site of Key Manufacturer
    Table 24. Gravy Boat Market: Company Product Type Footprint
    Table 25. Gravy Boat Market: Company Product Application Footprint
    Table 26. Gravy Boat Competitive Factors
    Table 27. Gravy Boat New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
    Table 28. Gravy Boat Mergers & Acquisitions Activity
    Table 29. United States VS China Gravy Boat Production Value Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 30. United States VS China Gravy Boat Production Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
    Table 31. United States VS China Gravy Boat Consumption Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
    Table 32. United States Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
    Table 33. United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 34. United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 35. United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 36. United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 37. China Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
    Table 38. China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 39. China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 40. China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 41. China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 42. Rest of World Based Gravy Boat Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
    Table 43. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 44. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 45. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 46. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 47. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Table 48. World Gravy Boat Production by Type (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 49. World Gravy Boat Production by Type (2024-2029) & (K Units)
    Table 50. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Type (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 51. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Type (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 52. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Type (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 53. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Type (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 54. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Table 55. World Gravy Boat Production by Application (2018-2023) & (K Units)
    Table 56. World Gravy Boat Production by Application (2024-2029) & (K Units)
    Table 57. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Application (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 58. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Application (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 59. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Application (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 60. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Application (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 61. Le Creuset Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 62. Le Creuset Major Business
    Table 63. Le Creuset Gravy Boat Product and Services
    Table 64. Le Creuset Gravy Boat Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 65. Le Creuset Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 66. Le Creuset Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 67. Harold Import Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 68. Harold Import Company Major Business
    Table 69. Harold Import Company Gravy Boat Product and Services
    Table 70. Harold Import Company Gravy Boat Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 71. Harold Import Company Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 72. Harold Import Company Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 73. Upper Midland Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 74. Upper Midland Major Business
    Table 75. Upper Midland Gravy Boat Product and Services
    Table 76. Upper Midland Gravy Boat Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 77. Upper Midland Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 78. Upper Midland Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 79. YOUNG and DANGEROUS Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 80. YOUNG and DANGEROUS Major Business
    Table 81. YOUNG and DANGEROUS Gravy Boat Product and Services
    Table 82. YOUNG and DANGEROUS Gravy Boat Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 83. YOUNG and DANGEROUS Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 84. YOUNG and DANGEROUS Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 85. Rorence Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 86. Rorence Major Business
    Table 87. Rorence Gravy Boat Product and Services
    Table 88. Rorence Gravy Boat Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 89. Rorence Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 90. Mason Stoneware Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 91. Mason Stoneware Major Business
    Table 92. Mason Stoneware Gravy Boat Product and Services
    Table 93. Mason Stoneware Gravy Boat Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 94. Global Key Players of Gravy Boat Upstream (Raw Materials)
    Table 95. Gravy Boat Typical Customers
    Table 96. Gravy Boat Typical Distributors
List of Figure
    Figure 1. Gravy Boat Picture
    Figure 2. World Gravy Boat Production Value: 2018 & 2022 & 2029, (USD Million)
    Figure 3. World Gravy Boat Production Value and Forecast (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
    Figure 4. World Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 5. World Gravy Boat Average Price (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
    Figure 6. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
    Figure 7. World Gravy Boat Production Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
    Figure 8. North America Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 9. Europe Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 10. China Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 11. Japan Gravy Boat Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 12. Gravy Boat Market Drivers
    Figure 13. Factors Affecting Demand
    Figure 14. World Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 15. World Gravy Boat Consumption Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
    Figure 16. United States Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 17. China Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 18. Europe Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 19. Japan Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 20. South Korea Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 21. ASEAN Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 22. India Gravy Boat Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
    Figure 23. Producer Shipments of Gravy Boat by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
    Figure 24. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Gravy Boat Markets in 2022
    Figure 25. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Gravy Boat Markets in 2022
    Figure 26. United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    Figure 27. United States VS China: Gravy Boat Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    Figure 28. United States VS China: Gravy Boat Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    Figure 29. United States Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Market Share 2022
    Figure 30. China Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Market Share 2022
    Figure 31. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Gravy Boat Production Market Share 2022
    Figure 32. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Figure 33. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Type in 2022
    Figure 34. Ceramics
    Figure 35. Glass
    Figure 36. Stainless Steel
    Figure 37. World Gravy Boat Production Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
    Figure 38. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
    Figure 39. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Type (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
    Figure 40. World Gravy Boat Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Figure 41. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Application in 2022
    Figure 42. Online
    Figure 43. Offline
    Figure 44. World Gravy Boat Production Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
    Figure 45. World Gravy Boat Production Value Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
    Figure 46. World Gravy Boat Average Price by Application (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
    Figure 47. Gravy Boat Industry Chain
    Figure 48. Gravy Boat Procurement Model
    Figure 49. Gravy Boat Sales Model
    Figure 50. Gravy Boat Sales Channels, Direct Sales, and Distribution
    Figure 51. Methodology
    Figure 52. Research Process and Data Source